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\ihead{A Roadmap for the LIGO Observatories for the Next 20 Years}
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\begin{document}

\title{A Roadmap for the LIGO Observatories for the Next 20 Years}
\author{{\normalsize{D.~Reitze$^\dagger$, A.~Effler$^\dagger$, P.~Fritschel$^\ddagger$, E.\,D.~Hall$^\ddagger$, M.~Landry$^\dagger$}}, \\{\normalsize{A.~Lazzarini$^\dagger$, B.~O'Reilly$^\dagger$,  D.~Shoemaker$^\ddagger$, C.~Torrie$^\dagger$}}}

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\section{Executive Summary}

NSF's LIGO Laboratory, operated by Caltech and MIT, has developed a vision for the continued improvement of the detectors housed at the two LIGO Observatory sites for the next 20 years. This vision is informed by the LIGO Laboratory's experience in carrying out observing campaigns and detector upgrade programs over the past 25 years and is well-aligned with the future scientific program established by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC).     

While the specific details of our plans will undoubtedly evolve in the coming years, several key points can be confidently made: 
\begin{itemize}
\item With continued investment in and stewardship of their infrastructure, the LIGO Hanford and Livingston observatories can continue operations beyond 2040.
\item There are credible paths (primarily \Asharp{}, described below) to incremental improvement of the present detectors, of about a factor of 2 in sensitivity across the observing band; further improvement is not likely given the physical constraint imposed by the 2$^{nd}$ generation detectors' 4~km baselines.
\item In addition to carrying out a scientifically rich observing program, the LIGO detectors will serve as valuable technology development pathfinders for a next-generation detector having a much longer baseline.
\end{itemize}
This white paper describes the key elements of that vision to assist the ngGW Subcommittee in arriving at its recommendations for the future developments in the gravitational-wave field and, more generally, in multi-messenger astrophysics. It highlights: 
\begin{itemize}
\item The observing and upgrade plans for the LIGO Observatories through 2029
\item The LIGO detector upgrade program beyond 2029
\item The synergistic role the LIGO detector upgrade program will play in developing key technologies for the Cosmic Explorer (CE) detector 
\item The International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN), with an emphasis on the LIGO Aundha Observatory to be constructed in India during the remainder of the decade and operated as part of the LIGO Observatories in the 2030s.
\end{itemize}


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\section{Introduction}

% Introduction to the document. Overview current understanding of the next two decades from Lab perspective. Note 5-year funding cycle and recompetition possibility.

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\section{LIGO Upgrades Beyond 2029}
%\Lazz{Should this section describe the science targets or focus solely on technology? Maybe allude to an LSC white paper that will address the science opportunities?}
% Writing leads: Peter F, Anamaria, Evan.

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\section[IGWN]{The International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN)}

% Writing leads: Brian, Albert. 

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\section[Operations into the 2040s]{LIGO Laboratory Operations into the 2040s}

% Writing leads: Mike, Calum, Albert.

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\appendix
\section*{Appendix: A Brief History of LIGO}

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%Timeline:
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Submissions must be made in PDF format to ngGW@nsf.gov %\item[{\color{green}$\checkmark$}] First draft due May 12; Send to Readers, comments due May 17, readers may include Matt Evans, Bob Eisenstein, Stefan Ballmer, Beverly Berger
%\item[{\color{green}$\checkmark$}] Second draft ready by May 24; send to Readers, comments due May 29
%\item Submit final version to Dave for review June 5
%\item Expect Dave to submit to ngGW June 8
%\item Submit paper to appropriate server(s) - public DCC and/or arXiv
%\end{itemize}
\end{document}